Which scenario best illustrates risk or loss aversion?

The scenario that best illustrates risk or loss aversion is one in which a person prefers a guaranteed outcome over a gamble with a potentially higher payoff. When someone chooses a guaranteed $50 instead of a 50% chance to win $100, they are demonstrating risk aversion because they value the certainty of receiving $50 more than the uncertain prospect of possibly winning $100. This behavior reflects a psychological tendency to prefer avoiding losses rather than acquiring equivalent gains, highlighting how individuals often prioritize securing a certain, smaller reward rather than taking a risk for a larger, uncertain one.

In comparison, the other scenarios focus on different aspects of behavior that do not specifically illustrate risk or loss aversion. The student's increased studying after receiving a low grade indicates a response to feedback rather than a decision based on risk. The manager implementing a new process due to positive feedback demonstrates confidence in a decision based on perceived success rather than risk evaluation. Lastly, the shopper’s purchase of a discounted item suggests impulsivity or a desire for savings rather than a careful consideration of risk versus reward.