Which of the following best describes cognitive biases?

Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, which can significantly influence our decision-making processes. They represent the ways in which our perceptions can shape and sometimes distort our understanding of reality, leading to decisions that may not be based on objective analysis. Cognitive biases can arise from various factors, including emotional influences, social pressures, and mental shortcuts we use to simplify information processing.

Recognizing cognitive biases is essential because they can affect how we interpret information, weigh evidence, and ultimately arrive at conclusions. Understanding that our perceptions can skew our decisions is critical for improving critical thinking and analytical skills. This knowledge allows individuals to engage in more rational decision-making by being aware of their cognitive limitations.

In contrast, logical strategies for problem-solving, techniques for improving memory, and step-by-step reasoning methods all involve structured cognitive processes that aim to enhance reasoning or understanding in a more systematic way, rather than reflecting the innate biases that can affect judgment and perception.