Which best defines vicarious learning?

Vicarious learning is characterized by acquiring knowledge or skills through the observation of others rather than through direct experience. This process often involves watching others perform a behavior and then imitating or adapting that behavior based on the observed outcomes. For instance, a child who sees a peer receiving praise for completing a task might be motivated to attempt that task themselves, following the model's example. This concept is closely associated with Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in the learning process.

Other options describe different forms of learning; hands-on experience involves direct interaction with material, strictly using textbooks and lectures focuses on traditional educational methods, and learning by self-discovery emphasizes independent exploration and understanding through personal experience. However, none of these captures the essence of vicarious learning as effectively as the observation and imitation of others.