What type of processing is characterized by superficial remembering and memorizing?

The correct answer is shallow processing. This type of processing involves a surface-level approach to encoding information, often focusing on the most superficial features, such as physical characteristics or the structure of words. For example, if someone were to memorize a list of words based only on whether they are written in uppercase or lowercase, they are engaging in shallow processing.

In contrast, deep processing involves a more meaningful analysis of the information, such as considering its significance or connecting it to prior knowledge, which leads to better retention. Effortful processing requires conscious attention and effort to encode information, while elaborative rehearsal is a method of deep processing where one elaborates on the meaning of information to facilitate better understanding and memory retention. The distinguishing factor of shallow processing is its reliance on cursory or superficial traits rather than deeper cognitive engagement, making it less effective for long-term memory retention.