How does retroactive interference primarily affect learning?

Retroactive interference primarily affects learning by obstructing the retrieval of prior learning. This cognitive phenomenon occurs when new information interferes with the ability to recall previously learned material. Essentially, when new memories are formed, they can overlap or compete with older memories, making it more difficult to access the information that was learned earlier.

This interference is particularly evident in situations where the old and new information are similar, as the new learning can overshadow or confuse the understanding and recall of the old content. For example, if a student learns a new language that has similar vocabulary to a language they previously studied, the new language may interfere with their ability to remember words from the first language.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately characterize retroactive interference. Allowing new information to enhance recall pertains more to the positive aspects of memory updating rather than interference. Making old information more vivid is unrelated to interference; it suggests a process of enhancing memory rather than obstructing it. Simplifying the learning process does not connect with the concept of retroactive interference, which focuses on the challenges and complexities that come with newly acquired information.